B2

تقرير علمي

عن هذا الدرس

تقرير علمي · B2. اربط الشخص أو الوقت أو المكان أو الكمية بالحدث الصحيح.

اقرأ المادة الإنجليزية الأصلية وأجب مستنداً إلى الأدلة. المستوى دليل تحريري وليس نتيجة معتمدة.

8 سؤالًا
احفظه لتجده لاحقًا في مجموعتي.
empirical
القراءةB2

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

اقرأ المادة الإنجليزية الأصلية وأجب مستنداً إلى الأدلة. المستوى دليل تحريري وليس نتيجة معتمدة.

Imagine a research team investigating whether a short break in a cooler room helps people concentrate. In this fictional study, sixty office volunteers completed a proofreading task, took a ten-minute break, and then completed a different version of the task. Half spent the break in a cool room; the others remained in the usual office. The cool-room group made fewer errors afterwards, on average. It would be tempting to conclude that lower temperatures caused the improvement. The researchers, however, had changed more than temperature. The cool room was also quieter, and participants had to walk along a corridor to reach it. Either silence or movement might have contributed. Moreover, people knew which room they were in, so their expectations could have influenced their effort. Random assignment reduced some differences between the groups, but it could not remove these features of the design. The team then ran a smaller follow-up in which both groups walked the same distance and sat in equally quiet rooms. The difference in errors became much smaller. That finding weakened the original temperature explanation, although it did not establish that temperature had no effect. A small follow-up may miss a modest effect that a larger experiment could detect. The useful lesson is not that the first study was worthless. It identified an interesting pattern and helped shape a more precise question. The problem would arise if an employer used the first result to justify expensive cooling equipment while ignoring the uncertainty. Before recommending a policy, the team wants a larger trial across several workplaces and a measure of comfort as well as accuracy. A room that improves a short test but makes workers uncomfortable all afternoon may offer little practical benefit.

توضيح بسيط أولًا

التفاصيل المذكورة

اربط الشخص أو الوقت أو المكان أو الكمية بالحدث الصحيح.

The doors open at eight. The class starts at nine.

الأسباب، الاستنتاج من القرائن

اعتمد السبب المذكور؛ لا يكفي سبب محتمل من خارج النص. اجمع القرائن الفعلية دون إضافة حقيقة غير مدعومة.

We meet inside because it is raining.

الموقف والتقييم، تطبيق الحجة

لاحظ التقييمات والتحفظات؛ لا تحول حقيقة إيجابية إلى تأييد مطلق. طابق الفعل مع الحجة المذكورة وحدودها.

The writer likes the idea but asks for one change.

مادة التعلم
empirical
القراءةB2

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

اقرأ المادة الإنجليزية الأصلية وأجب مستنداً إلى الأدلة. المستوى دليل تحريري وليس نتيجة معتمدة.

Imagine a research team investigating whether a short break in a cooler room helps people concentrate. In this fictional study, sixty office volunteers completed a proofreading task, took a ten-minute break, and then completed a different version of the task. Half spent the break in a cool room; the others remained in the usual office. The cool-room group made fewer errors afterwards, on average. It would be tempting to conclude that lower temperatures caused the improvement. The researchers, however, had changed more than temperature. The cool room was also quieter, and participants had to walk along a corridor to reach it. Either silence or movement might have contributed. Moreover, people knew which room they were in, so their expectations could have influenced their effort. Random assignment reduced some differences between the groups, but it could not remove these features of the design. The team then ran a smaller follow-up in which both groups walked the same distance and sat in equally quiet rooms. The difference in errors became much smaller. That finding weakened the original temperature explanation, although it did not establish that temperature had no effect. A small follow-up may miss a modest effect that a larger experiment could detect. The useful lesson is not that the first study was worthless. It identified an interesting pattern and helped shape a more precise question. The problem would arise if an employer used the first result to justify expensive cooling equipment while ignoring the uncertainty. Before recommending a policy, the team wants a larger trial across several workplaces and a measure of comfort as well as accuracy. A room that improves a short test but makes workers uncomfortable all afternoon may offer little practical benefit.

0/8
الأسئلة
01 / 8D01احفظه لتجده لاحقًا في مجموعتي.

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

What did the first cool-room group do better on average?

إجابتك
1 / 8

مسار التعلّم

01
خطوة 1 · تهيئة

تهيئة

0/2
02
خطوة 2 · بناء المهارة

التفاصيل المذكورة

0/1

اربط الشخص أو الوقت أو المكان أو الكمية بالحدث الصحيح.

The doors open at eight. The class starts at nine.
03
خطوة 3 · بناء المهارة

الموقف والتقييم، تطبيق الحجة

0/1

لاحظ التقييمات والتحفظات؛ لا تحول حقيقة إيجابية إلى تأييد مطلق. طابق الفعل مع الحجة المذكورة وحدودها.

The writer likes the idea but asks for one change.
04
خطوة 4 · تدريب مرتبط

تدريب مرتبط

0/2
05
خطوة 5 · تحدّي المادة

تحدّي المادة

0/2
ملاحظات هذه الوحدة

حوّل الأخطاء إلى تعلّم.

احتفظ بمحاولتك الأولى وتحقّق من الدليل وجرّب سؤالًا آخر. النجاح في المادة نفسها لا يثبت نقل المهارة إلى نص جديد.

0

لا توجد ملاحظات بعد. جرّب تهيئة قصيرة.

خريطة الدرس

تقرير علمي

B2
A science feature

نقاط الدرس

01

التفاصيل المذكورة

اربط الشخص أو الوقت أو المكان أو الكمية بالحدث الصحيح.

The doors open at eight. The class starts at nine.
02

الأسباب، الاستنتاج من القرائن

اعتمد السبب المذكور؛ لا يكفي سبب محتمل من خارج النص. اجمع القرائن الفعلية دون إضافة حقيقة غير مدعومة.

We meet inside because it is raining.
03

الموقف والتقييم، تطبيق الحجة

لاحظ التقييمات والتحفظات؛ لا تحول حقيقة إيجابية إلى تأييد مطلق. طابق الفعل مع الحجة المذكورة وحدودها.

The writer likes the idea but asks for one change.

الأسئلة والأجوبة

فتح إجابة يسجّل استخدام المساعدة لذلك السؤال.

D01 · تهيئة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

What did the first cool-room group do better on average?

  1. Improved on every individual task without making errors.
  2. Made fewer proofreading errors afterwards.
  3. Reported greater comfort during the rest of the working day.
  4. Completed the proofreading task more quickly afterwards.
الإجابة والشرح
Made fewer proofreading errors afterwards.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Made fewer proofreading errors afterwards.». الدليل: «The cool-room group made fewer errors afterwards, on average.». قارن بالبديل «Improved on every individual task without making errors.». يحوّل هذا نتيجة مقيّدة إلى ادعاء بلا استثناءات. راجع عبارة المصدر «on average» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Improved on every individual task without making errors.». قارن بالبديل «Completed the proofreading task more quickly afterwards.». يستبدل هذا النتيجة المقاسة أو المعلنة بنتيجة أخرى. راجع عبارة المصدر «made fewer errors afterwards» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Completed the proofreading task more quickly afterwards.».

D02 · تهيئة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

Why was temperature not the only possible explanation?

  1. The groups spent their breaks in equally quiet rooms.
  2. Participants were unaware of which condition they had entered.
  3. The researchers compared comfort rather than proofreading accuracy.
  4. Noise and movement also differed between the groups.
الإجابة والشرح
Noise and movement also differed between the groups.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Noise and movement also differed between the groups.». الدليل: «The cool room was also quieter, and participants had to walk along a corridor to reach it.». قارن بالبديل «The groups spent their breaks in equally quiet rooms.». يخلط هذا بين مرحلتين: الوضع الأولي والتحقق أو القرار اللاحق. راجع عبارة المصدر «The cool room was also quieter» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «The groups spent their breaks in equally quiet rooms.». قارن بالبديل «Participants were unaware of which condition they had entered.». يعكس هذا العلاقة المذكورة في النص. راجع عبارة المصدر «people knew which room they were in» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Participants were unaware of which condition they had entered.».

P01 · بناء المهارة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

What did random assignment fail to remove?

  1. The unequal proportion of volunteers assigned to each room.
  2. The sample-size difference between the original study and its follow-up.
  3. Differences built into the experimental conditions.
  4. A difference in the scheduled length of the two breaks.
الإجابة والشرح
Differences built into the experimental conditions.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Differences built into the experimental conditions.». الدليل: «it could not remove these features of the design.». قارن بالبديل «The unequal proportion of volunteers assigned to each room.». يعكس هذا العلاقة المذكورة في النص. راجع عبارة المصدر «Half spent the break in a cool room; the others remained in the usual office.» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «The unequal proportion of volunteers assigned to each room.». قارن بالبديل «A difference in the scheduled length of the two breaks.». يضيف هذا تفصيلاً محدداً لم تورده المادة؛ المعقولية ليست دليلاً من النص. راجع عبارة المصدر «took a ten-minute break» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «A difference in the scheduled length of the two breaks.».

P02 · بناء المهارة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

How does the writer assess the first study?

  1. Its larger sample makes its temperature explanation stronger than the better-controlled follow-up.
  2. Its limitations mean the pattern is too unreliable to guide further questions.
  3. Useful for refining a question, but insufficient for policy.
  4. Its practical promise is sufficient grounds to invest before another trial.
الإجابة والشرح
Useful for refining a question, but insufficient for policy.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Useful for refining a question, but insufficient for policy.». الدليل: «It identified an interesting pattern and helped shape a more precise question.». قارن بالبديل «Its limitations mean the pattern is too unreliable to guide further questions.». يتخذ هذا وجود حدّ سبباً لرفض الإسهام كله، بدلاً من التمييز بين فائدته وحدوده. راجع عبارة المصدر «helped shape a more precise question» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Its limitations mean the pattern is too unreliable to guide further questions.». قارن بالبديل «Its practical promise is sufficient grounds to invest before another trial.». يوصي هذا بالتصرف قبل توافر الأدلة أو الضمانات الإضافية المطلوبة. راجع عبارة المصدر «Before recommending a policy, the team wants a larger trial» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Its practical promise is sufficient grounds to invest before another trial.».

R01 · تدريب مرتبط

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

What changed in the follow-up design?

  1. The two groups worked in the same room rather than separate rooms.
  2. Walking distance and room quietness were matched.
  3. Both groups tested newly installed cooling equipment at work.
  4. The team compared participants across several different workplaces.
الإجابة والشرح
Walking distance and room quietness were matched.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Walking distance and room quietness were matched.». الدليل: «both groups walked the same distance and sat in equally quiet rooms.». قارن بالبديل «The two groups worked in the same room rather than separate rooms.». يضيف هذا تفصيلاً محدداً لم تورده المادة؛ المعقولية ليست دليلاً من النص. راجع عبارة المصدر «sat in equally quiet rooms» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «The two groups worked in the same room rather than separate rooms.». قارن بالبديل «Both groups tested newly installed cooling equipment at work.». يخلط هذا بين مرحلتين: الوضع الأولي والتحقق أو القرار اللاحق. راجع عبارة المصدر «justify expensive cooling equipment while ignoring the uncertainty» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Both groups tested newly installed cooling equipment at work.».

R02 · تدريب مرتبط

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

What does the smaller difference in the follow-up imply?

  1. The follow-up settles the question without needing a larger experiment.
  2. The original temperature explanation became less convincing.
  3. The smaller difference shows that temperature can be ruled out as a cause.
  4. The follow-up establishes silence as the cause of the original improvement.
الإجابة والشرح
The original temperature explanation became less convincing.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «The original temperature explanation became less convincing.». الدليل: «That finding weakened the original temperature explanation». قارن بالبديل «The smaller difference shows that temperature can be ruled out as a cause.». يدّعي هذا يقيناً أو نطاق تطبيق أوسع مما تسمح به الأدلة. راجع عبارة المصدر «it did not establish that temperature had no effect» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «The smaller difference shows that temperature can be ruled out as a cause.». قارن بالبديل «The follow-up establishes silence as the cause of the original improvement.». يحوّل هذا ارتباطاً ملاحظاً إلى استنتاج سببي لم تثبته المادة. راجع عبارة المصدر «Either silence or movement might have contributed.» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «The follow-up establishes silence as the cause of the original improvement.».

X01 · تحدّي المادة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

Why does the team want to measure comfort?

  1. To confirm the discomfort already reported by the first cool-room group.
  2. To use workers’ opinions instead of measuring their accuracy.
  3. To find out whether discomfort explains all the original proofreading errors.
  4. Short-term accuracy may not mean practical benefit all afternoon.
الإجابة والشرح
Short-term accuracy may not mean practical benefit all afternoon.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Short-term accuracy may not mean practical benefit all afternoon.». الدليل: «A room that improves a short test but makes workers uncomfortable all afternoon may offer little practical benefit.». قارن بالبديل «To find out whether discomfort explains all the original proofreading errors.». يهدف فحص الراحة إلى معرفة ما إذا كان تحسن الدقة مفيداً عملياً طوال فترة بعد الظهر. ولا يقترح النص تفسير جميع الأخطاء الأصلية بعدم الراحة. راجع عبارة المصدر «a measure of comfort as well as accuracy» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «To find out whether discomfort explains all the original proofreading errors.». قارن بالبديل «To confirm the discomfort already reported by the first cool-room group.». يتعامل هذا مع تحقق مقترح للمستقبل كأنه نتيجة ثابتة بالفعل. راجع عبارة المصدر «wants a larger trial» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «To confirm the discomfort already reported by the first cool-room group.».

X02 · تحدّي المادة

When a cooler room is not the whole answer

Which policy response would the article support?

  1. Base the investment decision on proofreading accuracy without measuring comfort.
  2. Abandon the temperature question because the follow-up found a smaller effect.
  3. Seek broader evidence before investing in cooling equipment.
  4. Invest in cooling first and check its wider workplace benefits afterwards.
الإجابة والشرح
Seek broader evidence before investing in cooling equipment.

الإجابة التي تدعمها المادة هي «Seek broader evidence before investing in cooling equipment.». الدليل: «Before recommending a policy, the team wants a larger trial across several workplaces». قارن بالبديل «Invest in cooling first and check its wider workplace benefits afterwards.». يوصي هذا بالتصرف قبل توافر الأدلة أو الضمانات الإضافية المطلوبة. راجع عبارة المصدر «Before recommending a policy, the team wants a larger trial» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Invest in cooling first and check its wider workplace benefits afterwards.». قارن بالبديل «Abandon the temperature question because the follow-up found a smaller effect.». يتخذ هذا وجود حدّ سبباً لرفض الإسهام كله، بدلاً من التمييز بين فائدته وحدوده. راجع عبارة المصدر «it did not establish that temperature had no effect» في ضوء السؤال والادعاء «Abandon the temperature question because the follow-up found a smaller effect.».